Random notes to note beforehand
Exploration of direct emotional links with supporting literature.
Studies using the amazon service “MTurk”
Investigating the Transdiagnostic Potential of Rumination in Relation to Cluster B Personality Disorder Symptoms
Includes MANY diagnostics of personality disorders; a useful reference
Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4; Bagby & Farvolden, 2004)
The PDQ-4 is a 99-item true/false self-report questionnaire designed to measure the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR)/DSM-5 categorical diagnostic criteria for personality disorders. Each subscale item corresponds to a specific symptom criterion for each personality disorder in the DSM, and the total number of items endorsed “true” were sum scored to create a continuous variable reflecting the total number of symptoms endorsed for each Cluster B disorder. The eight-item antisocial subscale (α = .74), nine-item borderline subscale (α = .76), nine-item narcissism subscale (α = .74), and eight-item histrionic subscale (α = .65) were used as measures of personality pathology, with higher scores indicating greater features of that specific personality disorder. Each subscale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency considering the small number of items on each subscale.
Five-Factor Borderline Inventory—Short Form (FFBI-SF; DeShong et al., 2016)
The FFBI-SF is a 48-item dimensional measure of BPD developed within a five factor model (FFM) framework. Items are assessed using a Likert scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly). Averaging all items creates a total score with higher scores indicative of greater BPD features. Internal consistency for the FFBI-SF was α = .98 in the current study.
Elemental Psychopathy Assessment—Super Short Form (EPA-SSF; Collison et al., 2016)
The EPA-SSF consists of 18 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly). This scale assesses the underlying features of psychopathy dimensionally within a FFM framework and has demonstrated strong relations with other measures of ASPD (Miller, Gaughan, et al., 2011). This scale yields a total score consistent with several antisocial features (e.g., thrill seeking, manipulation, callousness) by averaging each item, with higher scores indicating greater antisocial-related features. Internal consistency for the EPA-SSF was α = .79 in the present study.
Five-Factor Histrionic Inventory (FFHI; Tomiatti et al., 2012)
The FFHI is a 130-item dimensional measure of HPD symptoms developed within an FFM framework. Each item is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A total score is created by averaging all items, with higher scores indicative of greater HPD symptoms. Internal consistency for the FFHI was α = .97 in the current study.
Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory—Short Form (FFNI-SF; Sherman et al., 2015)
The FFNI-SF is a 60-item dimensional measure of NPD symptoms developed within a FFM framework. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (disagree strongly) to 5 (agree strongly), and a total score is created by averaging all items. Higher scores on this measure represent greater features of narcissism. Internal consistency for the FFNI-SF was α = .95 in the current study.
Rumination and Worry Measures
Anger Rumination Scale (ARS; Sukhodolsky et al., 2001)
The ARS uses 19 items to assess the tendency to focus attention on current anger-provoking situations and previous anger episodes (e.g., “I have long living fantasies of revenge after the conflict is over.”). Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of greater engagement in anger rumination. Internal consistency for the ARS was α = .96 in the current study.
Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Treynor et al., 2003)
The RRS is a validated 22-item self-report measure that assesses thoughts related to the symptoms, possible causes, and consequences of a person’s depressed mood (e.g., “thinking about how you don’t feel up to doing anything.”). Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (almost never) to 4 (almost always). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of greater engagement in depressive rumination. Internal consistency for the RRS was α = .96 in the present study.
Rumination on Sadness Scale (RSS; Conway et al., 2000)
The RSS is a 13-item self-report measure that assesses the extent to which a person focuses their attention on sadness, not necessarily depression (e.g., “I have difficulty getting myself to stop thinking about how sad I am.”). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of greater engagement in sadness rumination. Internal consistency for the RSS was α = .96 in the present study.
Self-Critical Rumination Scale (SCRS; Smart et al., 2016)
The SCRS is a 10-item self-report questionnaire assessing repetitive critical thoughts about oneself and actions (e.g., “My attention is often focused on aspects of myself that I am ashamed of.”). Response options range from 1 (describes me not at all) to 4 (describes me very well). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of greater engagement in self-critical rumination. Internal consistency for the SCRS was α = .96 in the present study.
Rumination on Interpersonal Offenses (RIO; Wade et al., 2008)
The RIO questionnaire is a six-item measure assessing the extent to which a person ruminates about perceived interpersonal offenses (e.g., “I can’t stop thinking about how I was wronged by this person.”). Each item is answered on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of greater engagement in RIO. Internal consistency for the RIO was α = .94 in the current study.
Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer et al., 1990)
The PSWQ is a 16-item self-report questionnaire that assesses how much a person engages in worrying, how controllable they feel the worry is, and how pervasive the worry is across situations (e.g., “Once I start worrying, I cannot stop.”). Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all typical of me) to 5 (very typical of me). Higher scores on this scale are indicative of experiencing greater worry. Internal consistency for the PSWQ was α = .96 in the current study.
Mentions “Anger rumination” as ruminating on anger, IE rumination != sadness in this study’s definitions. WTF is rumination and why even define it?
Discussion of incongruence and dissonance in emotional studies.
How pop-culture portrays and influences our perception of these emotions.
Personal observations and reflections on emotions of negative affect.